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1.
Braz. j. biol ; 74(3): 569-578, 8/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-723864

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the importance of heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) and ciliates bacterivory in a mesotrophic subtropical environment (Lobo-Broa Reservoir, Brazil) by the quantification of their ingestion rates. The in situ experiments using fluorescently labelled bacteria (FLB) were carried out bimonthly over one year (three surveys in the dry season and three in the rainy one) at the sub-surface of two sampling points that have different trophic degrees. The ingestion rates for both ciliates and HNF were higher in the meso-eutrophic region (point 2) due to the higher water temperatures, which accelerate the metabolism of protozoans and the higher bacteria densities. Concerning total protozoan bacterivory, the HNF had the greatest grazing impact on bacterial community, especially the HNF <5µm. The data showed that HNF grazing, in addition to regulating the bacteria abundance, also induced changes to the bacterial community structure, such as increasing size and numbers of bacterial filaments. The ciliates were also important to the system bacterivory, especially in point 2, where there were high densities and ingestion rates. The protozoan bottom-up control was more important in the dry season and the top-down control was more important in the rainy season, so, these two forces are equally important to the bacterial abundance regulation in this reservoir in an annual basis.


Este estudo avaliou a importância da bacterivoria por nanoflagelados heterotróficos (NFH) e ciliados em um ambiente subtropical mesotrófico (Reservatório do Lobo-Broa, Brasil) pela quantificação de suas taxas de ingestão. Os experimentos in situ utilizando bactérias marcadas por fluorescência (FLB) foram realizados bimestralmente durante um ano (três estudos no período seco e três no período chuvoso) na superfície de dois pontos de coleta que apresentam graus de trofia diferentes. As taxas de ingestão, tanto para os ciliados quanto para os NHF, foram maiores no ponto 2 (P2) devido provavelmente as maiores temperaturas da água, que aceleram o metabolismo dos protozoários, e as maiores densidades de bactérias. Em relação à bacterivoria total por protozoários, as populações de NFH causaram maior impacto de predação sobre a comunidade bacteriana do reservatório, principalmente os NFH menores que 5µm. Os dados indicaram que a predação por NFH, além de regular a abundância de bactérias, provavelmente também induziu modificações na estrutura da comunidade bacteriana, como o aumento do tamanho e da quantidade de filamentos bacterianos. Os ciliados também contribuíram significativamente para a bacterivoria no sistema, principalmente no P2, onde apresentaram altas densidades e taxas de ingestão. O controle bottom-up teve maior importância no período seco e o controle top-down maior importância no período chuvoso, assim, estas duas forças são igualmente importantes na regulação da abundância bacteriana neste reservatório em uma base anual.


Subject(s)
Ciliophora/physiology , Dinoflagellida/physiology , Escherichia coli/growth & development , Food Chain , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Fresh Water/microbiology , Brazil , Ciliophora/classification , Dinoflagellida/classification , Fresh Water/parasitology , Seasons
2.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 45(1): 143-151, 2014. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1469600

ABSTRACT

In aquatic ecosystems, bacteria are controlled by several organisms in the food chain, such as protozoa, that use them as food source. This study aimed to quantify the ingestion and clearance rates of bacteria by ciliates and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) in a subtropical freshwater reservoir (Monjolinho reservoir -São Carlos -Brazil) during one year period, in order to verify their importance as consumers and controllers of bacteria in two seasons, a dry/cold and a rainy/warm one. For this purpose, in situ bacterivory experiments were carried out bimonthly using fluorescently labeled bacteria with 5-(4,6 diclorotriazin-2yl) aminofluorescein (DTAF). Although ciliates have shown the highest individual ingestion and clearance rates, bacterivory was dominated by HNF, who showed higher population ingestion rates (mean of 9,140 bacteria h-1mL-1) when compared to ciliates (mean of 492 bacteria h-1mL-1). The greater predation impact on bacterial communities was caused mainly by the small HNF (< 5 µm) population, especially in the rainy season, probably due to the abundances of these organisms, the precipitation, trophic index state and water temperature that were higher in this period. Thus, the protozoan densities together with environmental variables were extremely relevant in determining the seasonal pattern of bacterivory in Monjolinho reservoir.


Subject(s)
Animals , Bacteria , Ciliophora , Climate , Flagella , Microbiota , Rainy Season , Dry Season
3.
Biota neotrop. (Online, Ed. port.) ; 8(4): 111-122, Oct.-Dec. 2008. ilus, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-509789

ABSTRACT

The biodiversity of marine heterotrophic protists is poorly known in the South Atlantic coastal zone (~32 ºS) especially regarding the nanoflagellates. The presence of loricate choanoflagellates was reported for the first time in the Patos Lagoon estuary and the adjacent coastal zone. Seventeen species of eleven genera of loricate choanoflagellates were observed between October 1998 and May 2000 in fixed water samples (lugol's solution + glutaraldehyde) in a JEM 100-SX transmission electron microscope. Most species were recorded in euhaline and mixopolyhaline waters during the spring and summer, none in autumn and a few (four) in winter. The absence of choanoflagellates at the more sheltered inshore stations is due freshwater influence, and at the beach station, probably due the strong wave action. The probably cosmopolitan species Pleurasiga minima, Cosmoeca norvegica, C. ventricosa and Parvicorbicula circularis were present in spring or summer in the estuary channel and coastal area while Stephanoeca diplocostata which apparently prefers lower temperature, was recorded in winter. Calotheca alata and Campyloacantha spinifera are mainly temperate species and were present in spring. The new species Diplotheca tricyclica was recorded at the estuary channel in the summer 1999, in high salinity water.


A biodiversidade de protistas heterotróficos é pouco conhecida na zona costeira do Atlântico Sul (~32 ºS), especialmente dos nanoflagelados. No presente estudo, foi registrada pela primeira vez a presença de coanoflagelados loricados no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos e na zona costeira adjacente. Dezessete espécies de onze gêneros de coanoflagelados loricados foram observadas em amostras de água fixadas (solução de lugol + glutaraldeido) coletadas entre outubro de 1998 e maio de 2000, e analisadas em microscópio de transmissão JEM 100-SX. A maior parte das espécies foi registrada em águas euhalinas e mixopolihalinas durante a primavera e o verão, nenhuma no outono e poucas (quatro) no inverno. A ausência de coanoflagelados nas estações mais protegidas deve-se a influência da água doce, e na estação da praia deve-se, provavelmente, a forte ação das ondas. As espécies, provavelmente cosmopolitas, Pleurasiga minima, Cosmoeca norvegica, C. ventricosa and Parvicorbicula circularis ocorreram na primavera ou no verão no canal principal do estuário e na área costeira, enquanto Stephanoeca diplocostata, que aparentemente prefere baixas temperaturas, foi registrada no inverno. Calotheca alata e Campyloacantha spinifera são principalmente de ambientes temperados e estiveram presentes na primavera. Uma espécie nova, Diplotheca tricyclica, foi registrada na área do canal principal do estuário, no verão de 1999, em águas de alta salinidade.


Subject(s)
Aquatic Fauna , Biodiversity , Classification , Coasts , Eukaryota , Plankton , Seasons
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